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Early London. Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, and Norman., by Sir Walter Besant.

Early London Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon and Norman

KING EDGAR ADORING THE SAVIOUR
Vespas. MS. A VIII.

EARLY LONDON

PREHISTORIC, ROMAN, SAXON AND NORMAN

BY SIR WALTER BESANT

BOOK I
PREHISTORIC LONDON
CHAP.		PAGE
1.	The Geology	3
2.	The Site	17
3.	The Earliest Inhabitants	33
BOOK II
ROMAN LONDON
1.	The Coming of the Romans	53
2.	The Roman Rule	57
3.	The Aspect of the City	79
4.	Remains of Roman London	95
5.	The Building of the Wall	112
6.	London Bridge	128
7.	London Stone	133
8.	The Desolation of the City	135
BOOK III
SAXON LONDON
1.	The Coming of the Saxons	153
2.	Early History	161
3.	The Danes in London	169
4.	The Second Saxon Occupation	176
5.	The Second Danish Occupation	190
6.	Town and People	196
7.	Thorney Island	231
8.	Saxon Remains	243 vi
BOOK IV
NORMAN LONDON
1.	William the Conqueror	249
2.	Domesday Book	262
3.	William Rufus	272
4.	Henry I.	275
5.	he Charter of Henry I.	279
6.	Stephen	289
7.	FitzStephen the Chronicler	301
8.	The Streets and the People	321
9.	Social Life	337
10.	A Norman Family	345
APPENDICES
1.	he River Embankment	351
2.	he Riverside Discoveries	353
3.	Strype on Roman Remains	356
4.	he Clapton Sarcophagus	361
5.		363
INDEX	365

INDEX

#Page numbers in chapters : ChapterI1.shtml page 1 to 16 ; ChapterI2.shtml page 17 to 32 ; ChapterI1.shtml page 33 to 50 ; ChapterII1.shtml page 51 to 56 ; ChapterII2.shtml page 57 to 78 ; ChapterII3.shtml page 79 to 94 ; ChapterII4.shtml page 95 to 111; ChapterII5.shtml 112 to 127 ; ChapterII6.shtml 128 to 132 ; ChapterII7.shtml 133 to 134 ; ChapterII8.shtml 135 to 149; ChapterIII1.shtml 151 to 160 ; ChapterIII2.shtml 161 to 168 ; ChapterIII3.shtml 169 to 175 ; ChapterIII4.shtml 176 to 189 ; ChapterIII5.shtml 190 to 195 ; ChapterIII6.shtml 196 to 230 ; ChapterIII7.shtml 231 to 242 ; ChapterIII8.shtml 243 to 245 ; ChapterIV1.shtml 249 to 261 ; ChapterIV2.shtml 262 to 271 ; ChapterIV3.shtml 272 to 274 ; ChapterIV4.shtml 275 to 278 ; ChapterIV5.shtml 279 to 288 ; ChapterIV6.shtml 289 to 300 ; ChapterIV7.shtml 301 to 320 ; ChapterIV8.shtml321 to 336 ; ChapterIV9.shtml 337 to 344; ChapterIV10.shtml 345 to 348;

Abbot of Westminster, 258, 271
Abbot’s Mill, 11
Abridge, 154
Addle Street, 244
Ælfric, Dialogues of, 204
Æsc, 135
Agas’ map, 114, 117
Agricola, Julius, 22, 59, 60
Albinus, 60
Aldborough, 92
Aldeburg, 22
Aldermanbury, 116, 244
Aldersgate Street, 116
Aldrœnus, 145
Aldwulf, Bishop of Rochester, 164, 165
Alfred, King, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185, 191, 197, 198, 212
Alfred, son of Ethelred, 192
Algar, 323
Alhune, Bishop, 165
Allectus, 22, 64, 66, 67, 68
Alphage, Archbishop of Canterbury, 170, 173;
translation of remains of, 191-192, 234
Amesbury, slaughter of Britons at, 146
Ammandinus, Valerius, 35
Amphitheatre, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 139
Amusements: badger-baiting, 227, 315;
ball, 312;
bear-baiting, 227, 315;
bone-throwing, 173;
bull-baiting, 227, 312, 315;
casting stones, 315;
chess, 228;
cock-fighting, 312;
dancing, 227, 315;
dice, 228;
“flyting,” 172-173;
hawking, 227, 228, 317;
hunting, 227-228, 317;
ice-sports, 316;
juggling, 173;
jumping, 227;
leaping, 229, 315;
mock battles, 313;
racing, 313-314;
rowing, 227;
running, 229, 313;
sea-fights, 314;
shooting, 315;
skating, 227;
swimming, 227;
taeflmen, 228;
throwing the javelin, 315;
tumbling, 173, 226;
wrestling, 229, 315
Anderida, 135, 148
Andreds Wald, 4
Androgeus, 19
Angevins, 289, 290
Angles, 74, 145
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 132, 135, 148, 149, 155, 158, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 200, 256, 270, 272, 273
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 334, 335, 336
Ansgar, 323
Antoninus’ Wall, 58, 60
Arles, Council of, British Bishops at, 74, 105
Armentarius, Galerius, 64
Armorica, 145
Army of Britain: extent of, in fourth century, 69;
character of, 73
Artesian Wells, 14
Arthur, King, 147, 148
Arts and Crafts: 41, 42, 45, 76, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 201, 224, 261, 323, 327
Arundel, Earls of, 326
Asclepiodotus, 67, 68
Athelstan, King, 39, 133, 168, 179, 180, 191, 200, 205
Augustine, 147, 155
Augustus, 22, 53
Aurelian, 61
Aurelius, 145, 146, 147, 148
Ausonius, 89
Avienus, 41
Aylwin, founder of Bermondsey Abbey, 323, 328
Bagford, John, 96
Bamborough, 182
Bamfleet, 176
Bank of England, spring beneath, 29, 321
Barge Yard, 29
Barking Abbey, 212;
Charter of, 164
Basing, 323
Batavians, 64
Baths, 80, 83, 87, 88, 106, 133
Battersea, 26
Bawdwen, Rev. William, 262
Beaumont, Lord, 326
Becket, Gilbert, 289, 346, 363
Becket, Thomas, 289, 318, 363
Bede, 36, 39, 76, 77, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 208, 209, 210, 213, 232
Belgravia, 12
Belinus, 18
Bericus, 54
Berkhampstead, 250
Bermondsey, 26
Bermondsey Abbey, 212, 328
Berthwulf, King of Mercia, 166
Bevis, Sir, of Hampton, 133
Billeting, 287
Billingsgate, 18, 82, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 198, 244, 337
Bishopsgate, 121, 123, 124, 136, 244, 325
Bishopsgate Street, 81
Bitterne, 60, 61, 63, 65
Black, Mr. W. H., 98 note
Blackfriars, 88
Blackwell Hall, 18
Boadicea, 43, 46, 50, 57
Bonney, Prof. T. G., 24
Bonosus, 61
Bordeaux, in fourth century, 89, 90
Botolph Lane, 326
Botolph Wharf, 105
Boulogne, 62, 63, 64, 66
Bow Lane, 96
Bradwell, 64
Bread Street, 30, 245
Bretagne, 78
Bridge Creek, 26
Bridge Gate, 125
Bridges, 28, 55, 130, 132;
London, 45, 105, 106, 126, 127, 128-132, 154, 156, 185, 186, 187, 189, 194;
Stanstead, 177
Briset, Jordan, 277
Britain, anarchy, lawlessness and oppression in, 73; 366
disorder after Roman withdrawal, 135, 136, 165, 183;
division of, 69, 73;
famine in, 298;
government of, 69;
revolts in, 57;
spirit and character of its people, 75, 76, 77, 78;
under Cnut, 190, 191;
unrest in, 68, 290, 291, 292, 298
Brook Street, 11
Brunanburgh, Battle of, 179
Brute, 17, 18
Buchuinte, Andrew, 285
Buckerel, 323
Bull and Mouth Street, 116, 124
Burgred, King of Mercia, 165
Caerleon, 19, 58
Cæsar, Julius, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 53, 56
Cambridge, 167;
sacked and burned, 298
Camden, 119, 133
Camomile Street, 96, 118, 123, 124
Camulodunum. See Colchester
Candlewick Street, 133
Canterbury, 74, 147, 155, 166, 198
Canulf, King of Mercia, 165
Carausius, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
Carpenters’ Hall, 96
Cars Dyke, 63, 64
Caruil, 21
Carus, 61
Cassius, Dion, 22, 54, 55, 128, 129
Cassivelaunus, 19, 20, 53
Catena, Paulus, 70, 71, 73, 113
Cedda, Bishop of London, 163
Chaffers, Mr. W., 99
Charmouth, 163, 166
Charter of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 260
Charter of Henry I., 200, 276, 279-288
Charterhouse, pump at, 13
Charters of William the Conqueror, 160, 253, 254, 260, 288, 292
Cheapside, 30, 96, 324
Chelsea, 26, 268
Chepe, 244
Chertsey Abbey, 212
Chester, 58, 74, 138
Chesters (Northumberland), 93
Chichester, 94
Chippenham, 173
Chlorus, Constantius, 64, 66, 67, 68
Cholera, 13
Christianity, 40, 74, 75, 85, 105, 108, 109, 110, 161, 162, 163, 164, 194, 195, 221, 222, 289, 290, 302, 327-329
Christ’s Hospital, 124
Chrysanthus, 73
Church, The, 105, 161, 201, 214, 215, 217, 219, 222, 230, 310-311,
335;
land held by, 262-271;
and William Rufus, 272, 274;
plundered by Stephen, 297
Churches, destruction of, 167, 211-212;
number of, in twelfth century, 302, 321;
Saxon and Danish, 214;
All Hallows, 115, 124, 244;
All Saints, 85;
Bradford on Avon, Saxon church at, 213;
Christ Church, Canterbury, 133;
Greenstead, Essex, 39, 213;
St. Alban’s, Wood Street, 164;
St. Andrew’s, Rochester, 155;
St. Botolph, 244;
St. Clement Danes, 192, 194;
St. Ethelburga, 244;
St. Giles in the Fields, 328;
St. John, Walbrook, 28;
St. Magnus, 173;
St. Martin’s, 212;
St. Mary le Bow, 29, 30, 137;
St. Mary Woolnoth, 96;
St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane, 85, 106;
St. Olave, Hart Street, 182;
St. Olave, Jewry, 182;
St. Olave, Silver Street, 182;
St. Olave, Tooley Street, 182;
St. Osyth, 244;
St. Paul’s, 36, 37, 96, 155, 161, 184, 190, 212, 259, 270, 318, 321;
St. Peter’s, Thorney (afterwards Westminster Abbey), 37, 38, 39, 40, 192, 194, 212, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 253, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 328;
St. Saviour’s, 328;
St. Stephen upon Walbrook, 28, 29
Cilcester, 22
Cingetorix, 21
Circus, The, 91
Cirencester, 173
City Ditch, 28
City Wall, 28, 29
City Wards, 157
Claudius, 23, 54, 55
Clausentum. See Bitterne
Clerkenwell, 27;
Benedictine Nunnery at, 260, 277, 328
Cnihten Gild, 206, 285, 329-334, 346;
Charters of, 330, 331
Cnut, 39, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 228, 234, 251
Coinage, 42, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 111, 202, 243, 244
Coinred, King of Mercia, 164
Colchester, 23, 43, 56, 58, 74, 94;
massacre at, 57
Coldringham Abbey, 212
Coleman Street, 244
Collegia privata, 206, 207
Comius of Arras, 21
Commodus, 60
“Compter,” the, 122
Compurgation, 280, 286, 287
Conscription, 68
Constans, 70, 145
Constantine, 73
Constantine, brother of Aldrœnus, 145
Constantine, cousin of Arthur, 147, 148
Constantine the Great, 68, 69, 119, 120, 318
Conyers, John, 96, 110
“Cookery, Place of,” 306-307
Cooper’s Row, Crutched Friars, 121
Coote, Mr. H. C., 330, 331, 332
Corner, Mr. G. R., 118
Cornhill, 81, 96, 244
Coronation Service of Ethelred, 236-242
Crayford, Battle of, 132, 135, 148
Criminals, punishment of, 215, 216, 217
Cripplegate, 124
Crooked Lane, 127
Crosby Hall, 326
Crowland Abbey, 203, 212
Crusaders, 300
Cunningham, 261
Cunodagius, 18
Custom-house, the, 105
Danegeld, 276, 280, 286
Danes, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 191;
character of, 170, 171, 173;
in London, 169-175;
religions of, 170, 173
Danish Remains, 245
Deva. See Chester
Diana, Temple of, 95, 96
Diocletian, 61, 63, 64, 69, 105
Divitiacus, King of Soissons, 42
Dogs, 228
Domesday Book, 198, 212, 259, 262-271, 342
Domitian, 63
Dorchester, 138
Dover, 23, 34, 74, 94, 132
Dover Street, 38
Dowgate, 82, 125, 153, 156
Drinking, 220, 221, 226, 227, 311
Dryburgh Abbey, 203
Dubritius, Archbishop of London, 147
Duckworth, Dr. Dyce, 100
Dulcitius, Duke, 72
Dunstan, 212, 214, 232
Dunwallo, Mulmutius, 18
Dyfan, 36
Eadbald, King, 161, 163
Eadric, 184, 234
Eadwig, King, 331
East Cheap, 158, 337
Edgar, King, 39, 180, 185, 215, 219, 232, 233
Edgar the Atheling, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256
Edgware Road, the, 36, 129
Edmund, King of East Anglia, 167
Edmund, King of the English, 180
Edmund Atheling, 184
Edmund Ironside, 184, 190
Edred, King, 180
Edred’s Hythe. See Queenhithe
Edric the Fisherman, 38
Education, 58, 59, 224, 228, 229, 230, 303, 304
Edward the Confessor, 39, 192, 194, 234, 235, 236, 243, 260-261
Edward the Elder, 179, 200
Effeminacy, 76, 77, 274, 277
Egbert, Archbishop, 219
Egbert, King, 165, 166
Egyptian Rule, the, 40
Eia (? Ealing), 267
Elbow Lane, 326
Eleutherius, Pope, 36
Eli, King, 95, 96
Elton, Charles I., 41, 50, 160
Ely Abbey, 203, 212
Embroidery, Anglo-Saxon, 224, 225
Emma, Queen, 39, 224
Erkenwald, Bishop of London, 163, 164, 212
Ermin Street, 136
Ethandun, 173
Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 164, 165
Ethelbert, King, 155, 161, 180
Ethelred, Earl, 232
Ethelred, son-in-law of Alfred, 175, 176, 177
Ethelred the Unready, 39, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 204, 219
Ethelwerd, 145, 148
Ethelwulf, King, 166
Evans, Sir J., 10
Execution, places of, 217
Exeter, 218;
“Fortress” of, 168
Fabyan, 134, 198
Famine of 1126, 277
Farringdon, 323
Fenchurch Street, 244
Ffagan, 36
Fire of London, the, 27, 81, 96
Fires, London, 130, 189, 197, 198, 234, 243, 259, 272, 277, 299, 311, 344
FitzAylwin, Henry, first Lord Mayor of London, 133, 336
FitzStephen, 115, 144, 301-320, 338, 339
Fleet Prison, 86
Florence of Worcester, 272, 334
Folkmote, 217, 230, 252, 280, 284
Fortresses, 64, 69
Fountains Abbey, 203
Frank Pledge, the, 217
Franks, the, 23, 64, 65, 68
Freeman, 180
Friday Street, 245, 320
Frith Guild, 205, 206
Fulham, 168, 173, 174, 264
Gallienus, 60
Garlickhithe, 244
Gauls, 43, 53, 62
Gavelkind, 158, 159, 160
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 17, 19, 145, 148
Germanus, 145
Gervase of Cornhill, 285, 332, 345, 346, 347
Gesoriacum. See Boulogne
Geta, Cneius Osidius, 54
Gildas, 73, 76, 105
Giltspur Street, 122, 124
Glanville, 159
Glastonbury Abbey, 212, 232;
lake-dwellings at, 33
Gloucester, 23
Godwin, Earl, 192, 194
Gomme, Mr. G. L., 142, 143, 144
Government, officers of, under Constantine the Great, 69
Gracechurch Street, 244
Granta, 64
Gratian, Emperor, 73
Great Dean’s Yard, Westminster, pump at, 13
Great Tower Street, 244
Green Arbour Court, 86
Green, J. R., 141, 275, 289, 290
Grossetête, Bishop, 240-241
Grunhilda, 182
Guest, Edwin, 54, 55, 94, 128, 129
Guilds, 76, 205-208, 224
Guithelin, Archbishop of London, 145
Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 259
Gurbodus, 18
Hadrian, 60
Hadrian’s Wall, 57, 58, 60
Hales, Professor, 50, 142
Hallowing of St. Peter’s, Thorney, miracle of, 37, 38, 231
Hampstead, 24, 142, 266
Hampstead Barrow, 50
Hampstead Heath, 13
Harold, King, 183, 191, 192, 194, 251
Harthacnut, King, 191, 192, 220
Harwood, John, 96
Haverhill, 323
Hay Hill, 11 367
Hedge Lane, 95
Helena, 68
Hengist, 135, 145, 146, 147
Henry of Huntingdon, 145, 148, 292, 297, 298, 300, 334
Henry the First, 275-278
Henry the Second, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 300
Henry the Third, 318
Herlwins, the, 345-346
Himilco, 40
Holborn, 132
Holborn Hill, 88
Hollinshed, 299
Holy Trinity, Priory of the, 133, 277, 285, 328, 332
Honey Lane, 245, 320
Honey Lane Market, 30
Honorius, 73
Horn, 17
Horne, 323
Houndsditch, 115
Howell, James, 133
Hoxton, 265
Hurley, Benedictine Priory at, 293
Hustings, the, 194, 217, 280
Hythe, 23
Iceni, the, 57
Inheritance, Right of, 254
Inscriptions and sculptures, list of important Roman, 107-108
Invasions, Danish, 165, 166, 167;
Roman, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54, 60;
Saxon, 36, 37
Iona Abbey, 212
Ipswich, 185
Islington, 265, 270
Jacobs, Joseph, 260
Jarrow Abbey, 212
Jarumnan, Bishop of Lichfield, 183
Jews in England, 260;
cemetery of, 86;
debate with Christians, 273
John, King, 284
John of Cremona, Cardinal of Rome, 334, 335
Jonson, Ben, 27
Julianus, Didius, 60
Justus, Bishop of Rochester, 155, 162, 163
Jutes, 74, 145
Keltoi, the, 54
Kemble, J. M., 164
Kemp, Mr., 96
Ken Street, Southwark, 96
Kencester, 22
Kensington, 268-270
Kilburn, 26
King’s Street, 96
Knightsbridge, 26 368
Lactantius, 110
Lake-dwellers, 33, 34
Lambeth, 26, 34, 37, 56
Lambeth Hill, 244
Langbourne, 80
Language in fourth century, 70
L’Arche, Pont de, 326
Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162, 163
Lazar-house of St. Giles in the Fields, 277
Leadenhall Street, 244
Lewis, Hayter, 138
Lincoln, 94, 138, 146
Lindisfarne Abbey, 212
Lisson Grove, 270
Living, Archbishop, 190
Locrine, 18
Loftie, Rev. W. J., 85, 222
Lollesworth. See Spitalfields
Lollianus, 60
Lombard Street, 244
London, agriculture in, 144;
an annual Fair, 48, 65;
and the Romans, 48, 49;
and William the Conqueror, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254;
appearance of, 197-200;
attacked by Olaf and Swegen, 182, 183;
besieged by Cnut, 184, 185;
Cnut’s trench, 184, 185, 187, 188;
Citadel of, 59, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 128, 130, 131, 132, 138, 147, 156;
described by FitzStephen, 301-318;
desertion and ruin of, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 170, 174;
division of, 81;
first mentioned by Tacitus, 22, 23, 55, 68;
fleet at, 194;
food supply of, 50, 169, 229, 339;
Government and officers of Government, 75, 91, 215, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 310, 344;
growth of, and conditions governing growth, 12-14;
houses of, 229, 230, 322-324, 326;
importance of, in tenth century, 180, 181;
life in, 88, 89, 90, 91;
massacre at, 57, 59, 130;
overlord of, 158, 159, 160;
pen picture of, 83, 84;
plundered, 68;
poorer part of, 83, 84, 88, 93;
population of, 190, 230, 319, 320;
prehistoric monuments of, 50;
prehistoric settlements at, 33, 34;
public lands of, 143, 144, 199, 200, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283;
residential, 49, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 271, 326-327, 339;
settlers in, 261, 289;
site of, 3, 4, 5, 23-32, 54, 55, 139;
social life of, 340, 341;
spirit of its people, 76;
taken by Alfred, 174;
by Danes, 166;
by Saxons, 146, 148;
the lake fortress, 34;
tradition of origin and foundation, 17, 18;
under Alfred, 177;
under Henry I., 276, 278;
under William Rufus, 273-274
London Stone, 80, 133-134, 156, 326
London Wall, 71, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112-124, 128, 132, 133, 142, 153, 177, 210
Long Acre, 95
Lothbury, 244
Luard, 323
Lucius, King, 36
Lud, King, 18, 19
Ludgate, 18, 19, 50, 244
Lympne (or Lymne), 74, 92, 94
Lysons, Samuel, 91
Madox, 337-338
Magnentius, 70, 92
Maitland, 30, 124, 134, 164, 177, 179, 187, 189, 299
Maldon, 182, 185
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299
Mandubrace, 20, 21
Manners and customs, 43, 45, 49, 53, 219-230, 304
Marcellus, Ulpius, 60
Marcus, Emperor, 73
Marius, 60
Martial, 59, 63
Martinus, 70, 71
Marylebone, 11
Maryport (Cumberland), 93
Matilda, Empress, 282, 285, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 318
Matthew of Westminster, 145, 148, 259, 335
Maude, Queen, 276, 277, 294, 295, 296
Maurice, Bishop of London, 259
Maurusius, Victorinus, 61
Maximian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
Maximus, Magnus, 72, 73
Measurement, Roman standard of, 119, 120
Medehamstede. See Peterborough
Mela, Pomponius, 22
Mellitus, Bishop of London, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 163, 194
Menapii, 64
Mercer’s Hall, 30
Merlin, prophecy of, 147
Middlesex Forest, 32
Mildred, Bishop of Worcester, 165
Milk Street, 30
Mincing Lane, 59, 125, 225, 244
Minters, under Edward the Confessor, 243;
under Harold, 244;
under Henry I., mutilation of, 276-277;
under William the Conqueror, 244
Miskennings, 287
Mithraism, 75
Monasteries, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212
Monkwell Street, 124
Montfichet Tower, 259
Morality, state of, 247, 276, 301-302, 305
Mordred, sons of, 147, 148
Murder, fines for, 286
Mutilation, 216, 217, 276-277
National Council at Westminster in 1136, 293
Nennius, 145, 148
Nero, 22
Newgate, 82, 85, 123
Newgate Street, 118, 132, 158
Niger, 60
Norman families, 345-347;
genealogies of, 348
Norman house, a, 326
Normans and English, fusion of, 338, 345
Norton, G., 286, 287, 288
Nunneries, 225
Nuns, costumes of, 225-226, 336
Ockley, 166
Offa, King of Essex, 164
Offa, King of Mercia, 38, 39, 164, 232
Olaf, King of Norway, 182, 185, 186, 187
Old Bailey, 118, 124
Old Broad Street, 244
Old Jewry, 260
Old Kent Road, 84
Ongar, 154
Orgar, 323
Osbert, Octodenarius (or Osbern Huitdeniers), 285, 363
Osborne, 190, 191
Oswy, King of Northumbria, 163
Othere, 203
Oxford Street, 79, 132
Oyster Gate, 351
Park (or Tyburn) Lane, 36, 129
Parks, Green, 13, 129;
Hyde, 13;
St. James, 13
Parliament, Acts of, 27
Paulinus, Suetonius, 22, 57
Paul’s Wharf, 326
Pax Romana, 68, 74
Penances, 214, 215
Pendragon, Uther, 145, 146, 147, 148
Pertinax, 60
Peter of Colechurch, 132, 189
Peterborough Abbey, 167, 212
Pevensey, 64
Picts, Raids of, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145
Pie Corner, 99, 100
Pirates, 62, 64, 65, 112
Plautius, Aulus, 23, 54, 55, 56, 128
Pluralism, 325
Plymouth, 166
Poor, feeding of, 219, 220
Population of Britain, 43
Porchester, 64
Portland, 166
Ports, London, 82, 83, 87, 125, 126, 129, 132
Portsoken, 206, 333, 346
Posidonius, 41, 142
Post Office, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 115
Postumus, 60
Poultry, The, 245, 320
Prasutagus, 57
Prestwich, Professor J., 9, 13, 15
Price, Mr. J. E., 122, 123, 134
Priests, marriage of, 334-336, 345-346
Probus, Emperor, 61
Professional life in Bordeaux and London, 89, 90
Ptolemy, 84
Puddle Dock, 83, 327
Pytheas, 40, 41, 42, 45
Queen Street, 96
Queenhithe, 82, 83, 126, 198, 244, 325, 337
Rahere, 328
Ramsey Abbey, 212, 298
Reading, 167
“Recordatorium Civitatis,” 18
Reculver, 204
Religions, Pagan, 75, 81, 108, 109, 110, 161, 173, 221, 222, 223
Religious foundations, 208-215, 290, 328
Repton, 167
Ribchester, 22
Richborough, 22, 23, 64, 73, 85, 94, 204
Rivers: Effra, 26, 31;
Falcon, 23;
Fleet, 4, 12, 26, 27, 28, 29, 86, 321;
Lea, 12, 14, 26, 30, 31, 54, 55;
Ravensborne, 26, 31;
Severn, 56;
Thames, 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 34, 46, 50, 55, 100, 128, 129, 131, 139, 142,
155, 158, 166, 186, 302, 351;
Tyburn, 26, 27;
Walbrook, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 46, 55, 59, 81, 84, 85, 88, 321;
Wandle, 26, 31;
Westbourne, 26
Roads, 36, 42, 44, 49, 56, 58, 59, 79, 88, 94, 129, 132, 139, 202, 203, 204, 205, 245
Robert of Gloucester, 232
Robinson, Thomas, 159
Rochester, 74, 155, 166, 174
Rocque, 31
Roger of Wendover, 145, 147, 148, 297, 335
Roman occupation, 59;
end of, 73
Roman remains, 29, 30, 35, 46, 59, 80, 81, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 119, 134, 137, 138, 353-355;
Strype on, 356-360.
Roman villa, 91, 92, 138
Round, Mr. J. H., 260, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 293, 296, 299, 330, 333, 345, 346, 347
Rowena, 146
Royal Exchange, New, 100
Rugmere, 265
Sabinus, Flavius, 54
Sacred relics, 39, 40, 210
St. Albans, 22, 43, 75, 147, 297;
massacre at, 57;
government of, 74
St. Alphege, Churchyard of, 115, 124
St. Bartholomew, Priory of, 277, 328
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 277, 328
St. Botolph’s Churchyard (Postmen’s Park), 116
St. Dunstan’s Hill, 96
St. Ethelburga, 164
St. Etheldreda, 224
St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, Churchyard of, 85, 115
St. Ives, sacked and burned, 298
St. John, Priory of, 277, 328
St. Mary Overies, 85, 326;
Priory of, 212, 277
St. Osyth, 163, 164
St. Pancras, 265
Sandwich, 22, 182, 185, 204
Saxon incursions, 74
Saxon remains, 243-245
Saxons, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 172;
characteristics of, 135, 136;
in London, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 157, 158, 160 369
Schools: Holy Trinity, 303;
St. Anthony’s, 228;
St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 212, 228, 305;
St. Mary-le-Bow, 228;
St. Paul’s, 212, 228, 305;
Westminster, 243
Scots, raids of, 59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145
Seacoal Lane, 86
Sebert, King, 37, 39, 155, 161, 232;
sons of, 161, 162, 163
Sees of London, York, and Caerleon, creation of, 19
Seething Lane, 244
Segorax, 21
Selds, 320
Senate, British, 64
Seneca, 110
Serpentine, the, 26
Settlers, fusion of, 69, 70
Severus, 60
Shaftesbury, Nunnery at, 212
Sharpe, 293, 299
Sheppey, 166
Shops, 337
Shore, Mr. T. W., 158, 160
Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, 163
Sighelm, 168
Sighere, King of East Saxons, 163
Silchester, 80, 94, 137
Size Lane, 164, 244
Slaves, 44, 83, 85, 89, 92, 137, 160, 162, 170, 171, 201, 216, 217, 218, 230, 342, 343
Smith, Mr. C. Roach, 67, 74, 86, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 118, 124, 125
Smith, Mr. Worthington, 10
Smithfield, 271;
fair at, 307-309
Soper’s Lane, 320
Southampton, 34, 166
Southwark, 12, 84, 88, 186, 188, 249, 250, 295
“Speculum,” 18
Spitalfields, Cemetery at, 96-98
Springs, 13, 29, 32;
Badewell, 27;
Clerkenwell, 27, 304;
Fagswell, 27;
Finchampstead, 27;
Godwell, 27;
Holy Well, 304;
Loderswell, 27;
Radwell, 27;
St. Chad’s Well, 27;
St. Clement’s Well, 304;
Shepherd’s Well, 26;
Skinnerswell, 27;
Well Walk, Hampstead, 13
Spurrell, Mr. F. C. J., 10
Staines, 185, 186
Stangate, 129
Stangate Street, Lambeth, 36
Stanley, Dean, 11, 256, 257, 258, 260-261
Stephen, 275, 282, 285, 289-300
Stepney, 262-264, 268 370
“Sticking,” 222, 223
Stokesay Castle, near Ludlow, 326
Story, Joseph, 143
Stow, 17, 29, 96, 97, 98, 115, 119, 121, 133, 245, 299, 329, 356-360
Strabo, 22, 23
Strype, 17, 96, 97, 98, 115, 133, 356-360
Stubbs, Bishop, 276, 284, 337-338
Stukeley, Dr., 62, 63, 64, 95
Sturbridge, 47
Sturleson, Snorro, 130, 186
Superstitions and credulity, 210, 211, 221, 222, 223, 274, 298
Swegen, King of Denmark, 182, 183
Sylvius, 63, 64
Synods, 334, 335
Taxation, 73, 190, 273, 276, 280, 286, 287, 288, 337
Taximagul, 21
Temples in Roman London, 81
Tertullian, 74, 105
Tessellated pavements discovered in London, list of, 103-104
Tetrici, the, 60
Thames Embankments, discoveries in, 351-355
Thames foreshore, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 198, 325
Thames Street, 82, 93, 124, 157, 198, 322, 326, 327, 337
Thames Valley, 3, 4;
ancient implements found in, 10, 11;
earth movements in, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11;
fossils of, 6, 9, 10, 11;
geological strata of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Thanet, Isle of, 36, 41, 42, 166, 167
Theatre: in Roman London, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91;
miracle plays, 312
Theodosius, 71, 72, 73, 113
Theomantius (or Temanticus), 19
Theonus, Archbishop of London, 147, 148
Thorney, 11, 26, 27, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 53, 129, 132, 135, 192, 231-236
Thorpe, Benjamin, 164, 215
Threadneedle Street, 81
Tin mines, 41, 42
Tintern Abbey, 203
Tite, Sir William, 28, 29, 30, 100, 105, 112, 124
Titus, 56
Tolls, 287
Tombs, 96, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 361-362;
as landmarks, 107
Tomlinson, Thomas, 30
Tothill, 26
Tower of London, 88, 259, 294, 296, 302
Tower Hill, 115, 124, 244, 327
Trade, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55, 58, 70, 74, 76, 79, 88, 93, 94, 110, 132, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199, 200-208, 218, 261, 273, 306-307, 323-324, 337, 339;
and coinage, 42, 202, 203;
imports and exports, 46, 47, 132, 143, 310, 343-344
Trades Unions, 224
Traitors and rebels, punishment of, 171
Treves, Roman, compared with Roman London, 86-88
Trial by Ordeal, 215, 216, 286
Trials, criminal, 284;
civil, 286
Trinobantes, 20, 21, 54, 55
Turner, Sharon, 203
Tyburn, 11, 266
Tynemouth Abbey, 212
Tyrants, the Thirty, 60
Urbicus, Lollius, 60
Uriconium, 137
Valentinian, 71
Valentinus, 72
Vere, Aubrey de, 294, 332
Verulam. See St. Albans
Vespasian, 54, 56
Victorinus, 60
Village tenure, 143
Vortigern, 145, 146, 147
Vortimer, 146, 148
Walbrook, 30, 47, 56, 81, 85, 88, 125, 126, 198, 244, 325
Wall, river-side, 124-127, 153, 177, 184, 302, 320, 325
Walsingham, 232
Waltham Abbey, 251
Walworth, 84
Wandsworth Island, 31
Wantsum, the, 204
Wards, 323
Ware, 177
Wareham, 168
Warren, Sir Charles, 96
Water Companies, 13
Water supply, 13, 14, 15, 321
Watling Street, 36, 37, 53, 88, 128, 129, 132, 136, 139, 244;
Gate of, 124
Weapons, 42, 45, 172, 217, 218
Wearmouth Abbey, 211-212
Weever, 119
Westbourne Street, Chelsea, 26
Westbourne Terrace, 26
West Chepe, 158
West Chepe Market, 29, 30, 337
Westminster, 27, 56, 194, 266;
King’s House at, 195, 234, 235, 272, 303
Whitaker, W., 11, 13
Whittington, 326
Wihtred, King, 158
William of Malmesbury, 273
William Rufus, 272-274, 275
William the Conqueror, 249-261, 270;
coronation of, 256, 257, 258
Wilson, Archbishop, 219, 220
Winchelsea, 26
Winchester, 146, 147, 166, 167, 192, 296;
Nunnery at, 212
Windows, 110, 111
Witan, 183, 190
Witanagemots: at London, 165, 166, 180;
at Oxford, 191
Women: as courtesans, 274;
education of, 224;
morality of Danish, 171;
occupations of, 224, 230;
punishment of, 217, 222;
treatment of captured, 162
Wood Street, 244, 320
Woodchester, Roman villa at, 91, 92
Woodward, H. B., 15
Woodward, Dr. John, 96, 118
Wool Quay, 105
Wren, Sir Christopher, 107, 134
Wright, Thomas, 60, 72, 74, 75, 190-191, 201, 215, 218, 224, 225
Wroxcester, 22, 94
Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 261
Wulnoth, Abbot of St. Peter’s, Thorney, 234
Wyngaerde’s Map, 114
York, 19, 58, 63, 68, 69, 73, 74, 94, 146, 147, 198;
government of, 75

ILLUSTRATIONS

	PAGE
King Edgar adoring the Saviour	Frontispiece
Geological Map of the Site	7
Statues of King Lud and his two Sons, Androgeus and Theomantius	19
The Marshes of Early London	25
Side of Font, East Meon Church, Hampshire	36
Side of Font, East Meon Church, Hampshire	37
Offa being invested with Spurs	39
An Archer	42
Figures reconstructed from Ancient Clothes and Remains found in a Bog	43
Figures in Wood at Wooburn in Buckinghamshire, supposed to represent Itinerant Masons	45
Pavement before the Altar of the Prior’s Chapel at Ely	49
Statue of a Roman Warrior found in a Bastion of the London Wall	58
Roman Knife-handle—Figure of Charioteer, Bronze	60
Carausius	61
A Sea Fight	66
Tomb of Valerius Amandinus (A Roman General)	67
Coffin Lids found in London	71
Bronze Roman Lamp found in Cannon Street	75
Method of Swathing the Dead	77
Dow Gate	79
Tessellated Pavement	81
Roman Sandals taken from the Bed of the Thames	89
The Laconicum, or Sweating Bath	90
Tessellated Pavement	91
Roman Roads radiating from London	93
Roman Altar to Diana found in St. Martin’s-le-Grand	95
Roman Bath, Strand Lane	97
Roman Antiquities found in London, 1786	101
Roman London	102
Statuettes of Roman Deities	103
Roman Sepulchral Stone found at Ludgate by Sir Christopher Wren	107
Roman Statue discovered at Bevis Marks	108
Roman Antiquities found in London in 1786	109
Roman Remains found in a Bastion of London Wall	113
Roman Arch, London Wall	122
A Ship	126 viii
An Anglo-Saxon Warrior	Facing 136
Ancient Copper Bowl found in Lothbury	138
The Ark	142
King and Courtiers	146
A Group of Anglo-Saxon Spearmen	154
Gregory the Great, St. Benedict, and St. Cuthbert	156
Lady in a Chariot	157
Family Life	159
Aelfwine	161
The Coronation of a King	162
Aldhelm presenting “De Virginitate” to Hildelida, Abbess of Barking, and her Nuns	Facing 162
King Ethelbald	164
King in Bed	166
The Perils of the Deep	167
Slaves waiting on a Household	171
Guthlac carried away by Devils	172
Saxon Minstrels	174
Playing Draughts	175
The Alfred Jewel (Reverse) The Alfred Jewel (Obverse)	177
Page from Gospel Book given by Otho I. to Athelstan, Grandson of Alfred the Great; on it the Anglo-Saxon Kings took the Coronation Oath	178
From King Alfred’s “Orosius”	179
King Cnut and his Queen, Emma, presenting a Cross upon the Altar of Newminster (Winchester)	181
The King receiving a Deputation	183
Anglo-Saxon Warriors approaching a Fort	185
A Fight	186
Diagram of Canal	188
King Edward the Confessor’s Palace at Borstal (Brill)	193
A Solar	196
Building a House	197
October. Hawking	198
A Banquet	199
Saxon Ladies	201
Saxon Horn	202
Merchantmen with Horses and Camels	203
A Banquet	205
Glastonbury Abbey	206
Anglo-Saxon Nuns	207
Conferring the Tonsure	208
A Burial	209
Saxon Church at Greenstead	211
St. Dunstan	213
The Last Day	Facing 214
Anglo-Saxon Modes of Punishment	216
The Flogging of a Slave	216
Three Men in Bed	218 ix
Mother and Child	219
Drawing Water	220
St. Luke, from St. Chad’s Gospel Book, date about 700 A.D.	221
Anglo-Saxon Husbandman and his Wife	223
Feeding the Hungry	225
Going to the Chase	226
The Hawk Strikes	226
Feasting	227
Anglo-Saxon House	229
The Situation of Westminster	231
St. Dunstan at the Feet of Christ	233
Monks	235
The Famous “Book of Kells” MS. of the Gospels in Latin, written in Ireland (A.D. 650-690)	237
Rood over the South Door of Stepney Church	239
Edward the Confessor’s Chapel	241
Ancient Enamelled Ouche in Gold discovered near Dowgate Hill; probably Ninth Century	243
An Ancient Comb found in the Ruins of Ickleton Nunnery	244
Duke William comes to Pevensey	249
King Harold shown in a Mêlée of Fighting-Men	251
Charter of the City of London given by William the Conqueror	252
A Norman Knight	253
Norman Horsemen	255
Harold trying to pull the Arrow from his Eye	255
Norman Archers	255
William the Conqueror and his Knights (from the Bayeux Tapestry)	257
Bishops	258
The Seal of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, Half-brother of William I.	259
Part of a Page of Domesday Book	263
William I. and II., Henry I. and Stephen	Facing 264
Norman Soldiers	267
Norman London	269
Norman Capitals from Westminster Hall	273
Seal of St. Anselm	275
Norman Arch, in the Cloisters, Westminster Abbey	Facing 276
Coronation of Henry I.	279
An Ancient Seal of Robert, Fifth Baron FitzWalter	281
The Temple Church	283
A Fight	291
Costume of English Kings of the Eleventh Century. Anglo-Norman Ladies of High Degree	Facing 292
St. John’s Chapel, Tower of London, Norman Architecture	295
March. Field Work. September. Boar-Hunting	303
Matron and Maid	305
A Horseman	308
Tilting	313
Tilting in Boats	314
Dancing	315 x
The Chase	317
The White Tower	319
Representation of Orion	322
Craftsman at work on a House	323
London Wall	325
A Norman Hall	327
Three Bishops	329
Building a House	Facing 338
A Family Group	339
Lady saving a Stag from the Hunters	341
Saxon Doorway, Temple Church	343

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Early London. Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, and Norman., by Sir Walter Besant.

EARLY LONDON PREHISTORIC, ROMAN, SAXON AND NORMAN

CONTENTS

INDEX

ILLUSTRATIONS

EARLY LONDON

PREHISTORIC, ROMAN, SAXON AND NORMAN